Evaluation of Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activities of Leaves of Saba senegalensis (A.DC) Pichon (Apocynaceae)

Aims: To evaluate antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of extracts of Saba senegalensis leaves. Study Design: In vitro antioxidant assay and in vivo anti-inflammatory, analgesic assay of Saba senegalensis extracts. Place and Duration of Study: Saba senegalensis leaves, were collected in the Centre Region of Burkina Faso, in June–July 2015. The experiments were conducted at the department of Medicine and Traditional Pharmacopeia-Pharmacy (MEPHATRA-PH) of Institute of Research in Health Science (IRSS). Methodology: The anti-oedematous tests with carrageenan and the analgesic with acetic acid and investigate effect on isolated organ were carried out. The standards were acetylsalicylic acid and paracetamol. Results: After five hours of carrageenan-induced edema test, aqueous decoction (AD) presented better inhibition on all measure. In fact, at the different doses of 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, and 600 mg/kg it presented percentages of inhibitions respectively of 30.81%, 62.27% and 72.71%. For the analgesic test, the hydroethanol macerate (HEM) showed a better pain reduction compared to the AD with a maximum effect of 77.28% at 400 mg/kg. Antioxidant activity with AD and his fractions shows that AD showed a better activity for the DPPH assay with an IC50 of 1.74 ± 0.10 μg/mL and a reducing power of 59.53 ± 2.16 mmol ET/g Sample. For HEM and his fractions, the ethyl acetate fraction (FHEM-AcOEt) showed a better IC50 of 0.18 ± 0.01 μg/mL for the DPPH test and dichloromethane fraction (FHEM-DCM) a reducing power agent of 88.88 ± 2.65 mmol ET/g Sample. All fractions were endowed with antioxidant properties by both methods. Conclusion: The study findings suggest that the presence of phenolic and terpenoid compounds could explain the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of these extracts.

Relevance of Chrysanthellum americanum (L.) Vatke Extracts in Rat Liver Protection

Aims: To assess the relevance of Chrysanthellum americanum(L.) Vatke extracts in rat liver protection. Place and Duration of Study:Laboratory of Biochemistry and Applied Chemistry (LABIOCA), also in Laboratory of Department of Medicine and Traditional Pharmacopoeia (MEPHATRA-PH) of Institute for Research in Health Sciences (IRSS/CNRST) of Burkina Faso between July 2014 and August 2015.Study Design:Polyphenolic extract of Chrysanthellum americanum-in vivo liver protection-in vivoliver intoxication-liver necrosis parameters analysis, histopathology analysis, in vivoand in vitroantioxidant assay. Background:Chrysanthellum americanumL. (Vatke) is a medicinal plant well known for its flavonoids and saponins richness, but also for its strong antioxidant potential and use traditionally for liver disease treatment.Methodology:In vivo, anti hepatotoxicity effects of Chrysanthellum americanumwas evaluated using CCl4as hepatotoxic agent. Also, acute toxicities were determined using standards methods, serum parameters of liver injury using Cypress Diagnostics kits and histopathology analysis using Mayer's haematoxylin-eosin-phloxine coloration method. For in vitro tests, malondialdehyde and thiobarbituric acid method were used in lipid peroxidation assessment and the ABTS method in Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity assessing.Results:Result showed that the crude extract of C. americericumhas a very low oral toxicity but, in intraperitoneal route this extract presented a high toxicity (LD50= 175 mg / kg of body weight). Histopathology micrograph indicated reduction in number of necrotic cells induced by CCl4. This beneficial action was confirmed by reduction in serum transaminases and malondialdehyde (22.68 ± 0.68 mmol MDA/ g of liver weight). In vitroantioxidant capacities, this plant extract presented a result of 35.01 ± 0.26 % and 42.01 ± 0.26 mg TE/ g respectively in LPO and TEAC.Conclusion:Given our results, our research confirms that Chrysanthellum americanumextracts have in vivophysiological impact and benefits in traditional medicine for specific care of liver diseases.

Caralluma dalzielii Ethanolic Extract Prevents High-fat-diet-induced Obesity in Mice

Aim: The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of C. dalzieliiextract on weight, biochemical parameter and antioxidant enzymes of obese Mice induced. Place and Duration of Study: Laboratory of Biochemistry and Applied Chemistry (LABIOCA), Research Institute for Health Sciences (IRSS).Background:Obesity is a pathology that occurs as a result of energy imbalance and this metabolic pathology is dramatically increasing in developing countries and it is the cause of many morbidities. Carallumadalzieliiis a medicinal plant traditionally used in northern Burkina Faso for weight management. The objective of this study was to determine the anti-obesity potential of the ethanolic extract of C. dalzielii.Methods:The ethanol extract obtained by maceration was administered by gavage to NMRI mice for the determination of toxicity, the effect of the extracton weight gain, food intake and a biochemical parameter of serum. The antioxidant and inhibitory activity of digestive enzymes (pancreatic lipase and trypsin), inflammatory enzymes (lipoxygenase and xanthine oxidase) were also determined. Results: Carallumadalzieliiethanolic extract has exhibited no toxicity (with an LD50 greater than 3000mg / kg body weight). It caused a reduction of 7.1% on body weight of the animals treated at 400 mg/kg against an increase of 38.16% in the positive control. Animals in the control group showed a higher concentration of triglyceride and LDL-Cholesterol in serum than those that received the extract. Carallumadalzieliiextract has inhibited lipoxygenase at 65.75 ± 0.05% (at 1 mg/ml) greater than that of gallic acid used as a reference (54.87 ± 0.04%). It has also shown good inhibition potential on pancreaticlipase, trypsin and DPPH radical. Conclusion:These results suggest that Carallumadalzieliiextract may be a good candidate for the establishment of a phytomedicine in the management of obesity and its complications.

Larvicidal Activity of Crude Extracts of Vernonia cinerea Less (Asteraceae) against the Larvae of Anopheles gambiae in Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso

Aims: This study aims to evaluate the larvicidal activity of lyophilized methanolic extracts, hydro-methanolic extracts and aqueous extracts of Vernonia cinerea Less against the 3rd and 4th instars larvae of Anopheles gambiae. Place and Duration of Study: Pharmacognosy Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Centre MURAZ /Research Institute for Health; Ministry of Health, Bobo-Dioulasso, between February 2017 and January 2018. Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Direction Régionale de l’Ouest (IRSS) Bobo-Dioulasso, between March 2017 and January 2018. Methodology: The whole plant material was collected in Banfora, located at West of Burkina Faso. The 80% methanolic, 50/50% hydro-methanolic and aqueous extracts were obtained by using the classical natural product extraction method of the laboratory. Extracts were lyophilized and a series of concentrations of the extracts ranging from 0.001 – 100 mg/L were prepared. The larvicidal activity of lyophilized extracts has been tested against the 3rd and 4thAnopheles gambiae larvae. The larval mortality was evaluated after 24 hours and 48 hours of exposure. The percent of means of mortality was calculated. Lethal Concentration LC50 and LC90 values were determined. Results: In the laboratory, the results of methanolic extract at 100 mg/L achieved (100%) mortality against Anopheles gambiae after 24 hours of exposure.The same extract at 10 mg/L generated (95.85±1.26%) of mortality outside the laboratory. The 80% methanolic extract showed Lethal Concentration LC50 of 11.07 mg/L and Lethal Concentration LC90 of 81.38 mg/L (after 24 hours). The 50/50% hydro-methanolic extracts achieved Lethal Concentration LC50 of 22.27 mg/L against 3417.78 mg/L respectively inside and outside of the laboratory. Conclusion: The methanolic extract is the most effective in killing on the larvae compared to the other extracts tested. Vernonia cinerea Less possesses larvicidal activity against Anopheles gambiae larvae. It may be a possible source of mosquito vector control. This study provided promising finding for using crude extracts of Vernonia cinerea Less in controlling larvae of malaria vectors.

Antioxidant, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of the leafy stems of Waltheria indica L. (Sterculiaceae).

Aim of the study: The existence of numerous side effects following the use of anti inflammatory drugs has led to the present study about Waltheria indica (Sterculiaceae), prescribed in the treatment of many inflammatory diseases component to discover phytomedicines secondary effects mitigated. Materials and methods: The chemical principles have been demonstrated by test characterization in liquid medium according the method of Ciulei (1949). In vivo, the model of edema induced by carrageenan to cause inflammation and the model of acetic acid induced pain were used to assess the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of the extract. In vitro, the effects of the aqueous extract on the DPPH°° radical, the lipoxygenase and lipid peroxidation has been demonstrated. Results: Phytochemical study of leafy stems of the plant showed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, sterols, triterpenes, saponins, reducing compounds, coumarins etc. In vivo, the results showed the aqueous extract and anti- edematous effects of the analgesic of the plant. In vitro, the results revealed the aqueous extract of W. indica inhibited the radical of DPPH°°, the lipoxygenase and the lipid peroxidation. Conclusion: The presence of chemical compounds and biological properties obtained justify the contribution of the plant in traditional medicine for the treatment of diseases with inflammatory component.

Pharmacological properties and related constituents of stem bark of Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir. (Fabaceae)

OBJECTIVE@#To screen methanol and dichloromethane extracts of stem bark of Pterocarpus erinaceus for anti-inflammatory, analgesic, in vitro antioxidant activities and phytochemical analysis.@*METHODS@#Anti-inflammatory activity was determined by using carrageenan induced-edema of mice paw and croton oil-induced edema of mice ear; analgesic effect was evaluated using acetic acid-induced writhing. Phytochemical screening of extracts was performed by thin layer chromatography. The chromatographic fractionation led to the isolation of main active components as friedelin, lupeol and epicathechin. The structures were established by TLC and nuclear magnetic resonance studies.@*RESULTS@#Both methanol and dichloromethane extracts, friedelin, lupeol and epicatechin showed a significant anti-inflammatory effect using croton oil induced-ear edema. Furthermore, the action of dichloromethane extract was more important. At the doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg, the methanol extract was able to reduce the carrageenan induced-hind paw edema, while at the doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, it showed an important analgesic effect against writhing induced by acetic acid injection of 38.8%, 68.0% and 74.3%, respectively. Antioxidative properties of methanol extract and its dichloromethane and ethyl acetate fractions were assessed by using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl method. The methanol extract showed the stronger radical scavenging activity than dichloromethane and ethyl acetate fractions, with an antiradical power of 5, 3.5 and 2 respectively. The main components isolated from these extracts as friedelin, lupeol and epicathechin were responsible of these activities.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The results suggest that the stem bark extracts of Pterocarpus erinaceus possessed important anti-inflammatory, analgesic activities and strong antioxidant properties, therefore, they could be used as potential natural ingredients in the pharmaceutical industry.

Pharmacological properties and related constituents of stem bark of Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir. (Fabaceae)

Objective To screen methanol and dichloromethane extracts of stem bark of Pterocarpus erinaceus for anti-inflammatory, analgesic, in vitro antioxidant activities and phytochemical analysis. Methods Anti-inflammatory activity was determined by using carrageenan induced-edema of mice paw and croton oil-induced edema of mice ear; analgesic effect was evaluated using acetic acid-induced writhing. Phytochemical screening of extracts was performed by thin layer chromatography. The chromatographic fractionation led to the isolation of main active components as friedelin, lupeol and epicathechin. The structures were established by TLC and nuclear magnetic resonance studies. Results Both methanol and dichloromethane extracts, friedelin, lupeol and epicatechin showed a significant anti-inflammatory effect using croton oil induced-ear edema. Furthermore, the action of dichloromethane extract was more important. At the doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg, the methanol extract was able to reduce the carrageenan induced-hind paw edema, while at the doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, it showed an important analgesic effect against writhing induced by acetic acid injection of 38.8%, 68.0% and 74.3%, respectively. Antioxidative properties of methanol extract and its dichloromethane and ethyl acetate fractions were assessed by using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl method. The methanol extract showed the stronger radical scavenging activity than dichloromethane and ethyl acetate fractions, with an antiradical power of 5, 3.5 and 2 respectively. The main components isolated from these extracts as friedelin, lupeol and epicathechin were responsible of these activities. Conclusions The results suggest that the stem bark extracts of Pterocarpus erinaceus possessed important anti-inflammatory, analgesic activities and strong antioxidant properties, therefore, they could be used as natural potential ingredients for pharma ceutical industry.